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The Japanese invasions of Korea comprised two separate yet linked operations: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597. The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of the Japanese forces〔〔 from the Korean Peninsula after a military stalemate〔 in Korea's southern coastal provinces.〔 "Korean and Chinese forces were able to hold off the Japanese troops and confine the fighting to the southern provinces."〕 The invasions were launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi with the intent of conquering Korea and China, which were ruled by the Joseon and Ming dynasties, respectively. Japan quickly succeeded in occupying large portions of the Korean Peninsula, but the contribution of reinforcements by the Ming Dynasty,〔(The History of Ming chapter 238 )〕〔Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, pp. 137–143, 204–227.〕〔Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 134, "(Korean) war minister Yi Hang-bok pointed out that assistance from China was the only way Korea could survive."〕 as well as the disruption of Japanese supply fleets along the western and southern coasts by the Joseon Navy〔 "His naval victories were to prove decisive in the Japanese defeat, although Yi was to die during his final battle in 1598."〕〔"Just as a complete Japanese victory appeared imminent, Admiral Yi entered the war and quickly turned the tide."〕〔"Yi's successes gave Korea complete control of the sea lanes around the peninsula, and the Korean navy was able to intercept most of the supplies and communications between Japan and Korea"〕〔Elisonas, Jurgis. "The inseperable trinity: Japan's relations with China and Korea." The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 4. Ed. John Whitney Hall. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991. p. 278.〕〔Lee, Ki-baik. A New History of Korea. Trans. Edward W. Wagner and Edward J. Schultz. Seoul: Ilchokak, 1984. p. 212.〕 forced a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Pyongyang and the northern provinces to the south, where the Japanese continued to occupy Hanseong (present-day Seoul) and the southeastern regions. Afterwards, with guerrilla warfare waged against the Japanese by Joseon civilian militias 〔 "The righteous armies that appeared in 1592 smashed the local rule distributed across Korea's eight provinces by the Japanese military. The righteous army activities were one of the most important factors for the frustration of the Toyotomi regime's ambition to subjugate Ming China and extend dominion over Korea."〕 and supply difficulties hampering both sides, neither the Japanese nor the combined Ming and Joseon forces were able to mount a successful offensive or gain any additional territory, resulting in a military stalemate in the areas between Hanseong and Kaesong. The first phase of the invasion lasted from 1592 until 1596, and was followed by ultimately unsuccessful peace negotiations between Japan and the Ming between 1596 and 1597. In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. The pattern of the second invasion largely mirrored that of the first. The Japanese had initial successes on land, capturing several cities and fortresses, only to be halted and forced to withdraw to the southern coastal regions of the peninsula. The pursuing Ming and Joseon forces, however, were unable to dislodge the Japanese from their remaining fortresses and entrenched positions in the southern coastal areas,〔Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Korean language http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=kna_13110012_007&tabid=k〕〔Turnbull, Stephen. 2002, p. 222. The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses〕〔https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7320 History of the Ming chapter 320 士卒物故者二萬. 20000 losses〕 where both sides again became locked in a ten-month long military stalemate. With Hideyoshi's death in 1598, limited progress on land, and continued disruption of supply lines by the Joseon navy, the Japanese forces in Korea were ordered to withdraw back to Japan by the new governing Council of Five Elders. Final peace negotiations between the parties followed afterwards and continued for several years, ultimately resulting in the normalization of relations.〔Turnbull, Stephen; Samurai Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, page 5–7〕 ==Etymology== In Korean, the first invasion (1592–1593) is called the "Japanese (倭 |wae|) Disturbance (亂 |ran|) of Imjin" (1592 being an ''imjin'' year in the sexagenary cycle). In Chinese, the wars are referred to as the "Wanli Korean Campaign", after then reigning Chinese emperor, or the "Renchen War to Defend the Nation" (壬辰衛國戰爭), where ''renchen'' (壬辰) is the Chinese reading of ''imjin''. The second invasion (1597–1598) is called the "Second War of Jeong-yu" (丁酉). In Japanese, the war is called ''Bunroku no eki'' (文禄の役). ''Bunroku'' referring to the Japanese era under the Emperor Go-Yōzei, spanning the period from 1592 to 1596. The second invasion (1597–1598) is called "''Keichō no eki''" (慶長の役). During the Edo period (17–19th centuries), the war was also called "''Kara iri''" (唐入り "entry into China"), because Japan's ultimate purpose at the commencement of the invasion was the conquest of Ming China, although with the reality that the conflict was largely confined to the Korean Peninsula for the duration of the war, the armies of Toyotomi Hideyoshi would alter their immediate objectives during the course of the campaign. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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